Powerful Antenna
Energy pay using solar energy in space
1. INTRODUCTION: THE FUTURE OF ENERGY NEEDS
Humanity has recently improved their standard of living and its population is exploding. In fact, human population quadrupled and primary energy consumption has increased 16 times during the 20th century [1]. The consumption of energy, food, and material resources to increase 2.5 times over the next 50 years. Following our efforts for a better life, we have to face in the 21st century, serious global problems that threaten our lives to children, even our existence on our planet, Mother Earth. These issues are such as global warming, environmental degradation, declining nutrition by land and sea from rising CO2 and a decrease Rapid shell fossils. Since the standard of living and population in developing countries are constantly increasing demand for energy will be several times that now form requirement that half of this century.
In 2000 the world had 6.1 billion inhabitants rights. This number could reach more
9 billion dollars over the next 50 years as shown in Figure-1. This increase in the future of the population mainly due to very rapid growth in less developed countries Although the number of the more developed countries almost constant (about 1 trillion euros) or somewhat less [2].
Fig 1 .- World Population Prospects [2]
The explosive increase in human population inevitably requires an exponential increase in energy, food and material resources. A primary source of energy currently comes from fuel fossil fuels like oil, coal and natural gas. However, fossil fuels are two major factors that prevent them from being used for a long period as a primary energy source. One is the limited amount that does not last long if used with the same or greater speed than at present (Fig-2). The other is its characteristic refusal to emit carbon dioxide, emissions of greenhouse gases, leading to global warming.
Fig 2 .- Plan of the Global Energy dependence [3]
Fig-3 atmospheric carbon dioxide monthly average of the proportions mixtures. Data before May 1974 are from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO, blue), written in May 1974 are the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, red). A curve of long-term trend is fitted to the monthly average values [4]
Atmospheric CO2 increased from 275 parts per million (ppm) before the industrial age began to 379 ppm in March 2004 as shown in Figure 3. Some scientists suggest that will rise from 550 ppm this century. Models climate and paleoclimate data indicate that 550 ppm, if sustained, could eventually produce global warming sign comparable in magnitude but opposite sign for global cooling of the last glacial period [5].
World energy demand continues to grow with the global concern for pollution fossil fuels, nuclear safety and waste, and the impact of carbon fuels in global warming. Due to sustainable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, hydrogen, ocean thermal, tidal and so attract attention in the interior, where Solar energy is the most promising. Solar Terrestrial too many limits, such as atmospheric attenuation, daily and seasonal, and affected by weather, etc. To overcome these limitations of the concept of solar energy from space is obtained dynamically, who first proposed by the Czech-American engineer Peter Glaser as a solution the oil crisis of the 1970s [6]. Solar power from space is a concept proposed to place a solar power station in space giant orbiting the Earth, which uses microwave power transmission to beam solar energy to a very large antenna on Earth where it can be used instead of energy sources conventional.
2. Space Solar Power (SSP) vs SOLAR TERRESTRIAL (TSP)
The concept of SSP is that the area has several important advantages in the ground to collect solar energy. The space is free of day-night cycle, the atmosphere, clouds, dust, rain, fog and other climate changes, so it would receive 30% more intense and at least eight times more light than that of the earth constantly and permanently affected by climate. In geosynchronous orbit, it would receive sunlight almost 24 hours a day, thus avoiding costly storage facilities necessary land-based systems solar energy. Since the Earth's axis is tilted, it would be in the shadow of the Earth is 70 minutes late at night when power is at its lowest level for 42 days near the equinoxes [7], as shown in Figure-5.
Figure 5-day of eclipses based on the date [7]
3. SSP: SYSTEM DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY
The system SSP consists of a space segment and a field of power receiving site (Fig.-6). Space segment consists of three main parts: solar collector to convert the energy solar direct current (DC) electricity, the DC-microwave and wide beam antenna array for microwave power to earth. Site land uses receive food A device called a rectenna (antenna right) to receive and correct the beam of microwave energy. The rectenna system converts the microwave energy back to DC, which then becomes conventional AC (alternating current), and is connected to electric power systems.
Assuming typical values for savings energy by 15% for solar panels that convert solar energy into direct current, 70% conversion rate space segment DC microwave beam to 90% (power) the collection efficiency and 80% for the rate of microwave rectenna conversion of DC in the ground segment, the overall efficiency is estimated at about 7.5%. Thanks to the effectiveness of the space segment of a SSP is a size of about 50 km2 (5 km x 10 km) to generate 5 GW DC power on earth (Fig.-6).
Fig-6: Reference Model: GEO 5 GW based Space Solar Power Station, designed by the ITS Department of Energy (DOE) and NASA in 1979 [8]
3.1-SOLAR CELL: efficient structures
In the very near future, progress in nanotechnologies promise significant increase in solar cell efficiency of 15% in current levels of over 50%. This could reduce the size of required space segment about 3 times. Author offers metal-metal junction solar cell cavity, which in theory promises to increase the efficiency of conversion of solar energy, many folds.
A metal cavity m2 (work function W2), with thin metal enamel M1 (W1 work function, W1 <W2, Figure-7) on the inner surface with a hole remains in the home of solar concentrator, which matches the pinhole and concentration. Pinhole is covered with clear glass to protect the Polish interior cavity of the reaction of the atmosphere. This cavity acts as the metal-metal junction cells solar (also called solar cell cavity MM) with different characteristics (described below), which have improved the efficiency of solar-electric conversion.
• The major loss in the ordinary structures, is the reflection loss (30%), but in MM cell cavity rays solar, when he entered the internal cavity undergoes multiple reflections About the Author
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